差别

这里会显示出您选择的修订版和当前版本之间的差别。

--- 核心技能:速读 [2023/12/12 11:27]
lichao 创建
+++ 核心技能:速读 [2023/12/12 13:14] (当前版本)
lichao [Pay attention to pivotal words!]
@@ 行 76: / 行 76: @@
 熟练掌握这个方法之后，可以从关注一行的中间位置过渡到关注一页的中心。
+==== Step 9 减少停顿 ====
+阅读的时候，不要按部就班的按直线阅读，而要用扫视的方式进行跳跃式阅读。眼睛每扫视一次，眼睛就短暂停顿一次或者在脑海里给你的视野来一张"截屏"（"截屏"面积约等于你眼睛距离书本20厘米时产生的视域面积的四分之一）。对于没有受过专门训练的人来说，每次停顿的时间在0.25-0.5秒为宜。
+为了切身感受这种阅读方法，你可以这样做：闭上一只眼睛，再用手指轻轻按在眼睑上，然后用另一只睁开的眼睛开始跳跃式阅读——在你阅读的过程中，你的手指就能感觉到你眼球的移动速度、方向、频率等——这就是跳跃式阅读。
+===== 强化训练方法 =====
+==== Step 1 指针与循迹 ====
+浪费在回读、回跳，以及视觉停顿的时间都是可以通过"指针和循迹"来缩短的。"指针"和"循迹"在阅读中发挥的重要作用——在手指或者笔尖的辅助下，你的眼睛可以更准确、更快速的进行阅读。
+这种"指针"和"循迹"与本文介绍的速度训练密切相关。
+现在请拿出一支笔，用你的惯用手拿住这只笔，在书中的文字下边画出下划线（盖上笔帽，别真画上去了）。划线的过程中，把视线聚焦在笔帽的上沿。这只笔的作用不仅仅是当一个"指针"，更是一个辅助你"循迹"(Pacer)的工具——有了这只笔，你的视线就能跟着笔的移动，以恒定的速度进行阅读——而且还显著缩短了视觉停顿的次数和时间。
+）训练方法（2分钟）：
+把笔当作指针，当你划线的时候，把视线聚焦在笔尖上沿，跟着笔尖移动。（先不要在意你这样做的时候能不能理解书中的文字。）把从行首划到行尾的时间控制在一秒以内。每划完一页，就提高一次划线速度。坚持这样读下去，务必保证每一行的时间不超过一秒。
+）速度训练（3分钟）：
+重复上一步的训练步骤。但这一次，把划线时间缩短到0.5秒。做到这一步的时候，有些人会出现"我TM在这种阅读速度下什么都理解不了"的感觉，但不要担心，这是正常现象。
+保持这种速度，坚持下去，并不断重复上边的训练方法——你的大脑正在慢慢适应这种速度。之所以用这么快的速度，是因为只有这么快的速度才能让你的大脑逐渐适应速读的节奏。
+==== Step 2 余光阅读训练 ====
+如果你盯着电脑屏幕的中心看，你仍然能用余光看到屏幕的边缘。同样的道理，如果你能强化训练你的这种用余光感知文字的能力，那么阅读速度提高300%不在话下。未经训练的人不能有效利用余光的感知能力，他们在阅读的时候，顶多只用了余光感知范围的50%，他们眼睛看到的阅读区域中的25%-50%都是空白的。
+为了说明这一点，让我们来假设这样一个句子："春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。"假如你能充分利用你的余光，你在阅读这个句子的时候，你的视线从"觉"开始读到"闻"就可以了（"觉"前面的"春眠不"以及"闻"后面的"处处"直接用余光就扫到了，根本不用让眼睛特意去"阅读"）。这样一来，这个句子虽然有10个字，但实际上你只"读"了5个——这几乎把你的阅读速度提高的一倍——你感受一下，是不是很强？
+余光阅读很容易训练，再加上刚才学会的"指针"和"循迹"，提高阅读速度就相当容易了。
+）训练方法（1分钟）：
+用上边提到的"指针"和"循迹"的方法，眼睛跟着笔尖划线，以1行/秒的速度阅读。但是加上一个附加条件：眼睛从每句话的第二个字开始"读"，"读"到倒数第二个字为止。
+再次强调：在这个阶段，不要纠结于你能不能准确理解书中内容！
+保持每行小于一秒的速度，每读完一页，就稍稍加快速度，每行的时间不要超过一秒。
+）第二阶段训练（1分钟）：
+用上边提到的"指针"和"循迹"方法，保持一秒一行的速度继续阅读。不过这次，每个句子要从第三个字开始"读"，"读"到倒数第三个字结束。
+）速度训练（3分钟）：
+再次提高难度：每个句子从第四个字开始"读"，“读”到倒数第四个字结束。并且，每行文字必须在0.5秒内读完。
+在这种速度下，部分人会理解不了任何书中的内容，但同样的，这很正常。
+保持这种训练强度，只有这种强度的训练才能有效提高你的感知反应速度。
+===== 小提示 =====
+  * 养成习惯，读过的部分不要回头去看，这样会影响速度。
+  * 加强“扫描”的训练，让自己的眼睛能“一目一行”。在阅读词块时，一般情况下眼睛其实可以在每页上扫到四五个词，但是大多数人不会用余光来看行末的词。为了克服这一点，要“软化”你的注视，放松面部，扩大视野，你就会看到词语成块出现，而非单个出现。掌握了这一点之后，你的视线可以在页面上跳得越来越快。当靠近行末的时候，用余光去看最后几个词，这样你就可以很快地浏览到下一行。
+  * 经常休息。每小时或者每半小时休息五分钟对你的理解和注意力有好处。休息也对眼睛健康很重要，可以避免眼疲劳。
+  * 有些东西，即使你能够读得很快，你也不想快读。比如小说，通常想要快速读完很容易，但是那样会错过很多作者文笔的精妙与美丽之处——即使你对故事的情节理解得分毫不差。诗歌更是这样，如果你阅读是为了欣赏，不妨细细咀嚼每个词句。
+  * 书/文章/信件的内容越简单，理解起来越快。从简单的开始练习，循序渐进。
+  * 卡片、书签或者其他与书页等宽的东西可能比手指更好用，它们可以遮挡住周围的文字，防止目光游移不定。
+  * 用手指引眼睛时，慢慢开始，但是要保持比较快的节奏。就算你觉得跟不上手的速度了，也要坚持一两页，然后检查自己的理解情况。经过练习，你将可以更快地移动手指和更快地阅读。
+  * 从已经读过的书或文章开始读起，因为使用比较熟悉的材料时，可以更容易地跳过单词，保持流畅的阅读速度。
+  * 使用卡片辅助阅读时有一个小技巧，可以每隔2-3厘米在卡片上画一个插入符（^），这样能够帮助你每次阅读多个词语，而不是逐字阅读。随着阅读速度的提高，你可以再使用新的卡片，卡片上插入符之间的距离更远些，这样每次可以阅读更多的词。
+===== 警告 =====
+  * 虽然速读可以让你更主动、更集中地阅读，从而增强理解，但是阅读过快也会导致理解程度下降。记住阅读的目的是获取重要的信息，如果速读时理解程度大幅度下降，那还不如不读。
+  * 保持良好睡眠！睡眠不好会让你不能很好地理解阅读的内容，这样就要花更长的时间来读书，而且即便如此，你也不能达到最佳的理解水平。
+  * 很多人读得特别慢是因为视力问题。你可能觉得自己的视力完全没问题，但是如果近期没有做过眼部检查的话，还是不要太过自信哦。
+  * 谨慎对待昂贵的速读产品。在花钱买速读书籍或者工具前试试上面的方法，如果认真练习了几周还没有进展，再考虑购买。买之前要做些功课，好好比较一下各种产品。
+  * 尽量不要在暗处阅读，最好有合适的灯光条件以供阅读。
+  * 在长时间速读后一定要闭上眼睛休息一下，否则可能会损伤视力。
+===== 阅读习惯 =====
+==== 影响阅读速度的习惯 ====
+  - 有限的感知广度，即逐字阅读
+  - 知觉反应时间慢，即对材料的识别和反应缓慢
+  - 发声，包括需要发声以实现理解
+  - 眼球运动错误，包括页面位置、回扫、运动节奏和规律不准确，等等
+  - 注意力不集中的习惯，首先是阅读过程中简单的走神和错误的记忆过程
+  - 缺乏阅读练习
+  - 害怕失去理解力，导致该人故意压低自己的语速，坚信如果他/她花更多时间在单个单词上，理解力就会提高
+  - 对阅读材料中重要与不重要方面的评价不佳
+  - 试图记住一切而不是选择性记住的错误习惯
+==== 速读和理解的积极因素 ====
+  * 改掉阅读时发音的习惯。 读出单词甚至低声说话意味着你的阅读速度只能与说话的速度一样快。 您默读大多数材料的速度应该比口头阅读快至少两到三倍。 如果您在阅读时有“听到”单词的习惯，请尝试通过集中注意力在关键词和有意义的想法上来消除这种习惯，同时强迫自己加快阅读速度。
+  * 避免重读。 VPISU 案例研究中的学生平均每分钟阅读 250 个单词，每页回溯或重读约 20 次。 显然，重读单词和短语是一种会减慢阅读速度的习惯。 通常没有必要重新阅读单词，因为想法会在后面的上下文中得到更充分的解释和阐述。 此外，阅读速度最慢的人往往会走神，因此他们的重读既反映出他们无法集中注意力，也反映出他们对理解能力缺乏信心。
+  * 扩大眼距。 这将帮助您一目了然地阅读多个单词或句子。 由于逐字阅读书面材料的意义不大，因此这可能会帮助您学习按短语或思想单位阅读。
+===== Skimming & Scanning =====
+Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use keywords to move quickly through a text for slightly
+different purposes.
+//__Skimming__// is a process of reading to get an overall view or get an impression of the content. This is when you
+pick out the main ideas or messages from headings, images, graphs, etc. Skimming covers the entire reading
+material to identify parts that might contain relevant information and parts that may not. Use skimming in
+previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read), or to decide if you need to read
+something at all, for example during the preliminary research for a paper.
+//__Scanning__// requires you to look for a particular word or phrase. You can totally ignore unnecessary ones.
+Scanning helps you find specific facts or a particular piece of information, e.g. an answer to a question, a key
+word or a phrase. Only scan when you know what to scan. Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to
+study fact-heavy topics, and to answer questions requiring factual support.
+==== Skimming Strategies ====
+  * Do not read every word.
+  * Read the table of contents or chapter overview to learn the main organization of ideas.
+  * Start by reading main headings, titles and subtitles.
+  * Tables, charts and pictures have headings, too.
+  * Next, focus on beginnings & endings, e.g.
+    * Read first and last sentences of paragraphs.
+    * Read first and last paragraphs of major sections.
+  * Look for typographical cues:
+    * bold and italic
+    * indenting, bulleted and numbered lists
+  * highlights
+  * Use cues like signal words and phrases (nouns, dates, events, names).
+  * Look for breaks in the texts (indicating a change in subject, providing a list or summary, etc.)
+  * Look out for keywords
+    * words that are repeated throughout
+    * or words like “causes,” “results,” “effects,” etc.,
+    * or signal words such as those suggesting controversy (“versus”, “pros and cons”)
+    * names of people and places, dates, nouns, and unfamiliar words
+  * When you think you have found something significant, slow down to read the entire sentence to make sure. Resist the temptation to stop to read details you don't need.
+  * Underline or highlight
+  * At the end of a section, summarize the main idea in 3 bullet points
+  * At the end of the reading, summarize, in your own words, the main arguments of the reading when
+  * you are done
+While skimming is always faster than your normal reading speed, you should slow down in the following
+situations:
+  * When you skim introductory and concluding paragraphs
+  * When you skim topic sentences
+  * When you find an unfamiliar word
+  * When the material is very complicated
+==== Scanning Strategies ====
+  * In case there are not any given keywords, establish them. For example, choose your keywords from a question posed by you, in the course syllabus or by a professor.
+  * Choose a few words or phrases to search for in the reading.
+  * Look for only one keyword at a time.
+  * If you use multiple keywords, do multiple scans.
+  * Use a finger of your hand to scan
+  * Repeat silently in your mind the keywords while scanning.
+  * Highlight or underline key words.
+  * When you come across a keyword while scanning, stop, and carefully read the surrounding text.
+  * Don't forget to scan tables of contents, summaries, indexes, headings, and typographical cues.
+To finally master the techniques of skimming and scanning, you have to spend your time practicing again
+and again. To choose an appropriate technique, come back to your purpose and motivation. For example, the
+end-goal could be to have a good enough understanding of the text to be able to discuss it in class with
+confidence.
+==== Not sure how fast you should read? Vary your reading rate! ====
+Decrease speed when you find the following:
+  * An unfamiliar word not made clear by the sentence. Try to understand it from the way it's used; then read on and return to it later.
+  * Long and uninvolved sentence and paragraph structure. Slow down enough to enable you to untangle them and get an accurate idea of what the passage says.
+  * Unfamiliar or abstract ideas. Look for applications or examples which will give them meaning. Demand that an idea "make sense." Never give up until you understand, because it will be that much easier the next time. Find someone to help you if necessary.
+  * Detailed, technical material. This includes complicated directions, abstract principles, materials on which you have scant background.
+  * Material on which you want detailed retention. The key to memory is organization and recitation. Speed should not be a consideration here.
+Increase speed when you find the following:
+  * Simple material with few ideas new to you. Move rapidly over the familiar.
+  * Unnecessary examples and illustrations. If not needed, move over them rapidly.
+  * Detailed explanation and elaboration which you do not need.
+  * Broad, generalized ideas.
+==== Pay attention to pivotal words! ====
+  * Additive words: "Here's more of the same coming up. It's just as important as what we have already said."
+    * Also, further, moreover, and, furthermore, too, besides, in addition
+  * Equivalent words: "It does what I have just said, but it does this too."
+    * As well as, at the same time, similarly, equally important, likewise
+  * Amplification words: "I want to be sure that you understand my idea; so here's a specific instance."
+    * For example (e.g.), specifically, as ,for instance, such as, like
+  * Alternative words: "Sometimes there is a choice; other times there isn't."
+    * Either/or, other than, neither/nor, otherwise
+  * Repetitive words: "I said it once, but I'm going to say it again in case you missed it the first time."
+    * Again, in other words, to repeat, that is (i.e.)
+  * Contrast and Change words: "So far I've given you only one side of the story; now let's take a look at the other side."
+    * But, on the contrary, still, conversely, on the other hand, though, despite, instead of, yet, however,rather than, regardless, nevertheless, even though, whereas, in spite of, notwithstanding
+  * Cause and effect words: "All this has happened; now I'll tell you why."
+    * Accordingly, since, then, because, so, thus, consequently, hence, therefore, for this reason
+  * Qualifying words: "Here is what we can expect. These are the conditions we are working under."
+    * If, although, unless, providing, whenever
+  * Concession words: "Okay! We agree on this much."
+    * accepting the data, granted that, of course
+  * Emphasizing words: "Wake up and take notice!"
+    * above all, more important, indeed
+  * Order words: "You keep your mind on reading: I'll keep the numbers straight."
+    * Finally, second, then, first, next, last
+  * Time words: "Let's keep the record straight on who said what and especially when."
+    * Afterwards, meanwhile, now, before, subsequently, presently, formerly, ultimately, previously, later
+  * Summarizing words: "We've said many things so far. Let's stop here and pull them together."
+    * for these reasons, in brief, in conclusion, to sum up
+====== References ======
+[[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267839609.pdf|Speed Reading Techniques]]

您的足迹: • 03 The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People • 课前预习 • 如何学会速读

差别

搜索

导航

打印/导出

工具

QR Code